Web Source: Amino Acids

Amino Acids Properties

http://prowl.rockefeller.edu/aainfo/contents.htm

Amino Acids (A Database)

http://www.bioscience.org/urllists/aminacid.htm

Amino acid-- Britannica Online Encyclopedia

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/20691/amino-acid

Amino acid basics (Animations)

http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html

Amino Acids

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AminoAcids.html

Amino Acids and Peptides

http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/

Amino acids: Structures and properties
http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/bio/amino-acids.html

Amino Acids. Name Abbr. Linear structure formula

http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/bio/amino-acids_en.html

Amino acid (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid

Amino Acids Section

http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/library/life/life1.html

A variety of properties of amino acids
http://prowl.rockefeller.edu/aainfo/contents.htm

Amino acids and peptide bonds
http://www.iacr.bbsrc.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/aa.htm

Amino acid frequencies in particular protein chains
http://asparagin.cenargen.embrapa.br/SCORPION/

Amino Acid Repository
http://www.imb-jena.de/IMAGE_AA.html

Chime structures of all the amino acids
http://www.clunet.edu/BioDev/omm/aa/aa.htm

Colorful photos of amino acids
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/aminoacid/aminoacid.html

General Amino Acid Information
http://www.eng.uci.edu/~hslee/aminoacid.html

Images for amino acids

http://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&channel=s&hl=en&q=amino+acids&btnG=Google+Search

Introduction To Amino Acids

http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/education/AminoAcid/overview.html

Online quizz on amino acids
http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/BiochemMols/PQuiz/PQInst.html

Reference Guide for AMINO ACIDS

http://www.realtime.net/anr/aminoacd.html

The Amino Acids Collection

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/aminoacids/index.html

The Amino Acid Repository

http://www.imb-jena.de/IMAGE_AA.html

The Chemistry of Amino Acids

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/aa.html

Web Source: Nucleotide metabolism (Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides)

Nucleotide metabolism
http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/nucleotide-metabolism.html

Nucleotides and muscle metabolism
http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/illingworth/muscle/#nucleotides

Nucleotide Metabolism

http://seqcore.brcf.med.umich.edu/mcb500/nucsyl/nucmetab.html

Nucleotide Metabolism

http://www.roberts-publishers.com/mcmurry/Chapter06.pdf

Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in higher plants.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658380

Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism

http://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/pupyr/pp.htm

Nucleotide metabolism (Homo sapiens)

http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=15869

Nucleotide Metabolism

http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/illingworth/metabol/nucleo.htm

Nucleotide Metabolism (Q)

http://biochemistryquestions.wordpress.com/category/nucleotide-metabolism-q/

Nucleotide Metabolism

http://www.chemistry24.com/biochemistry/nucleotide-metabolism.html

Nucleotide Metabolism (Quiz Questions)

http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_horton_biochemistry_4/37/9595/2456409.cw/index.html

Nucleotide Metabolism. Nucleotide sources

http://www.rose-hulman.edu/~brandt/Chem330/Nucleotide_metabolism.pdf

AmiGO: nucleotide metabolic process Details

http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term-details.cgi?term=GO:0009117&session_id=1623amigo1229589037

Web Source: Lipid Biosynthesis

Cholesterol metabolism
http://swnt240.swmed.edu/gradschool/webrib/goldstei.htm

Fatty Acid and Lipid Synthesis

http://dwb.unl.edu/teacher/nsf/c11/c11links/www.bact.wisc.edu/microtextbook/metabolism/lipidSyn.html

Lipid biosynthesis
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7640528

Genomics Approaches to lipid biosynthesis
http://www.cropscience.org.au/icsc2004/symposia/3/5/156_ohlroggejb.htm

Lipid Biosynthesis and Its Coordination with Cell Cycle Progression

http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/pci213v1

Lipid Biosynthesis

http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/illingworth/metabol/lipids2.htm

Membrane dynamics related to lipid biosynthesis and apoptosis

http://www.bc.vet.uu.nl/BCHome/ProjCV/apoptosis.HTM

Mycobacterial lipids
http://bioscience.org/1997/v2/d/barrow/d387-400.htm

Evolution of Lipid Biosynthesis Enzymes and the Oxygen Cycle

http://www.eps.harvard.edu/people/faculty/pearsonlab/research/rs4/rs4.html

Lipid Biosynthetic Pathways

http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/lipids.htm#synth

Biochemistry Graphics on the Web

Amino Acids & Proteins

Biochemistry Website at UCSB with Chime displays of amino acids and proteins.

Biological Sciences 102 Home Page at UC Davis.

Biomolecular Structures at Göteborg University (Sweden) shows molecules as Chime images with brief explanations.

Interactive Biochemistry at the University of Virginia. Some of the topics require Java to be enabled (Under Netscape's Options menu, choose Network Preferences..., then Languages.) The above link will open a new Netscape page (785 x 475). If you prefer, use a direct link to the same content.

Medical Biochemistry at Univ. Kansas Medical Center. Elegant Chime displays from a slow server.

Online Macrmolecular Museum at Kenyon College.

Structure and Packing of the Alpha Helix A detailed tutorial on the -helix and on the uses of the RasMol command line. From Duane Sears and coworkers at University California, Santa Barbara.

Structure and Packing of the Beta Pleated Sheet A detailed tutorial on the -sheet and on the uses of the RasMol command line. From Duane Sears and coworkers at University California, Santa Barbara.

The Biology Hypertextbook Home Page at MIT. Many topics are displayed as GIFs, with self-quizzes on each topic.

Web Biochemistry Amino acid and protein tutorials (with quizzes) at Curtin University in Perth, W. Australia.

Glycolysis

Design It Yourself Glycolysis Homepage. Stepwise quiz on the pathway.

Image map to KLOTHO files.

Metabolic Pathways of Biochemistry Major pathways are shown as 2-D (GIFs) or 3-D (Chime images) with each on a single page.

Select an EC number to obtain further information on enzyme and reaction catalyzed.

Step by Step Glycolysis. Fact Sheet; Reaction & Animation (Windows 3.1).

The Glycolysis Pathway View substrates, and products (GIFs); and enzyme structures (RasMol).

TCA Cycle

TCA Cycle Intermediates using Chime with capsule comments at Univ. Kansas Medical Center.

TCA Cycle Problem Solving (MS Windows Only).

General & Miscellaneous

Biochemistry: A Virtual Text, to accompany Biochemistry, 2nd edition by Mathews and van Holde. Mostly GIFs and JPEGs, but some structures can be viewed with RasMol or Chime.

Dictionary of Science and Technology, a cross-referenced source that explains all of the terms used here. Provides GIF graphics of some of the molecules.

O Dictionary Library for Hetero Compounds is a catalog of more than 1100 "hetero compounds" found in the Protein Data Bank. This comprehensive listing (150Kb) allows the user to view the molecules with the Chime plug-in. The same information in a linked seven page format (30K per page) is also available.

Periodic Tables of the Elements with clickable links to their chemical and physical properties, etc.

Principles of Protein Structure using the internet, the U.S. mirror site for the Birbeck College (U.K.) course. Detailed explanations and informative graphics on all aspects of the topic.

Swiss-Quiz Multiple choice questions on molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics. (Perfect scores are rewarded with some Swiss chocolate!)

Source：Dr. William McClure

Web Source: Biochemical Pathways

BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS

Biochemical processes may be conveniently viewed as an ASSEMBLY LINE of SEQUENTIAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS (examine three or more different pathways at this site), each controlled by a unique enzyme. The biochemists have given the various series of enzyme-directed reactions names, like the TCA CYCLE, GLYCOLYSIS etc. (click the pathways to view the animated steps using the helper app Chime). for ease of discussion. To see animations of how specific chemical reactions look click here then click on "Glycolysis" followed by "Glycolysis--Step by Step". However, remember that everything in a cell is INTIMATELY

INTERCONNECTED and every individual reaction must be thought of as affecting every other reaction. One proof that all life is related, is that a core of biochemical pathways run throughout life. The sugar glucose, for example, is used as a food by almost every organism on the planet and the enzymatic pathways for utilizing glucose are extremely similar. The various enzymes involved may differ in physical characteristics, but the chemical steps involved in glucose breakdown are the same. "Do you think that this continuity of life does or does not support the theory of evolution?" Click here to see a metabolic map like that on the wall in the lab. Click on the Carbohydrate Metabolism label and view that portion of the metabolic map.

Although most of the core biochemical pathways are known, some specialized pathways are still unknown: such as those involved in the synthesis of some antibiotics. The major research issue today is how enzyme activity and synthesis are REGULATED. For example, every human cell with a nucleus contains the ENTIRE COMPLEMENT OF HUMAN GENES, yet only a small portion of these genes are active at any time in any given cell; in the eye only genes involved for vision are active, in the liver, only those required for liver cell functioning are active etc. The development of a human from a single egg is a poorly understood process. How specific sub-sets of genes are turned on and off in time and space present an exciting challenge for scientists.

Click here or here for excellent presentations of glycolysis. Click here to have a choice of pathways you want to see. Click here for a great site on pathways and for a colored map showing the interconnectivity of the metabolic pathways.

Click here to view the complete biochemical chart. Type in "glucose 6 phosphate" and hit ENTER. Use the arrows to move around the chart.

（Source：Dr. R. E. Hurlbert, WSU.EDU）

BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY DIAGRAMS

Stages of Catabolism

Calvin Cycle Flow Diagram

Glycolysis

Glycolysis Enzyme Mechanisms

Glyoxylate Cycle

Aerobic Glucose Metabolism

Fatty Acid Oxidation Reactions

Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis Pathways

Fatty Acid Synthase Complex

Gluconeogenesis in the Liver

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Reactions

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Pyruvate-Malate Cycle

Glycogen Cascade Control

Fatty Acid Regulation

Pyruvate DH Complex Reactions

Kreb's Urea Cycle

Kreb's TCA Cycle

Basic Folate Metabolism Pathways

Kreb's TCA Cycle Intermediate Metabolism

Purine Biosynthesis

Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

Purine Degradation

(Sourece: Richard A. Paselk, Humboldt State University)

Other Resources of Biochemical Pathway

Metabolic pathway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. In each pathway, a principal chemical is modified by ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_pathway

Image results for biochemical pathways

ExPASy - Biochemical Pathways

and Pathway Map

Digitized version of wall charts courtesy Boehringer Mannheim et al, divided into Metabolic Pathways and Cellular and Molecular Processes, maintained by the ...
www.expasy.ch/cgi-bin/show_thumbnails.pl

Pathway Tools Query Page

Each dataset contains classification hierarchies for pathways, for reactions ( the enzyme nomenclature system), for compounds, and for genes. ...
pathway.yeastgenome.org/biocyc/

Pathways

Pathways is provided an an ancillary to General, Organic and Biochemistry and Concepts of Biochemistry. Please send any comments or suggestions to Jim Hardy ...
ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/Pathways/index.html

Yeast Biochemical Pathways

Yeast Biochemical Pathways are created using the Pathway tools software developed by Peter Karp and his colleagues at SRI International. ...
www.yeastgenome.org/biocyc/

Biochemical Protocol 1. Basic Lab Technology

Alternate method for purifying DNA from agarose gels

Isolation of RNA from mammalian cells using RNAZOL (Teltest)

Preparation of sequencing gels

Preparing proteins/antibodies/DNA/RNA for microinjection

RT-PCR Protocol

Safety Procedures
Preparation of Solutions
Disposal of Buffers and Chemicals
Equipment

Southern blotting

Transfection of mammalian cells using Lipofectamine (LTI)

Transformation of E. coli by electroporation

Wizard PCR preps DNA purification system

Working with DNA
Sterile Technique

Biochemical Protocol 2. Microscope Technology (1)

3D-rendering

Additional Applications of Confocal Microscopy

Background/Colophone

Comparison of Electron Micrographs

Confocal microscope technique

Confocal Microscopy (Information about the history, confocal theory, principles and optics as well as a selection of general links)

Conventional VS Laser scanning Microscopy Techniques

Creatingand enhancing professional graphics using Adobe PhotoshopCS3

Dark field illumination, Larry Legg

Digital Image Ethics (A short history of some of the issues that journalists have struggled with and ten suggested guidelines for working with digital images)

Digital Microscope Camera Technology
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Light Microscope Techniques
Materials, Forensics, Geological Microscopy
Electron and Light Microscopy Web Resources

Educational Resources (On-line resources for K-12 teachers & students)

Electron Microscope Techniques
Historical and Antique Microscopes
Scanning Probe and Atomic Force
Energy Dispersive Microanalysis EDX

Electron microscopy

Electron Microscopy (Information about history, principles, sample preparation techniques and www resources for TEM & SEM)

Electron microscopy

Facilities

Fluorescence Techniques (Links with information about fluorescent dyes, antibodies and resources for sample preparation)

Free Publications (Seven publications for professionals that cover microscopy & imaging from a variety of perspectives)

Hardware (Information about digital cameras, scanners and printers)

Histology (Links to sample preparation protocols and staining techniques, immuno/histo/cyto-chemistry, collections of images of tissues prepared for histology and safety)